Machine translation has its limits, as you have found. Here is a complete machine translation. All credit to the Author: Анатолий Поддубный
Perhaps we could discuss this piece, and the parts of the text not understood.
The handle is a constructive element of a sports pistol. Consider it as an element of the system "shooter - weapon". The purpose of the handle is to provide a monotonous grip on the weapon, the ability to control the descent without knifking, its maximum stability, and optimize energy costs while keeping the weapon.
However, you often hear from the athletes: "No matter how I try to hold the gun - slips out of my hand", "I can not help it - the fly dies and the hand relaxes," etc. Let's try to understand, taking for example models of some handles.
First, let's look at how a hand of an elongated hand holds objects of different shapes. For clarity, we accept the following conditions: the surface of the objects is smooth, and the palm, in order to be slippery, is highly soaped.
Handle - a means to achieve higher results. Ibragimov Niyaz - repair of the gun on the move. A ball about the size of a billiard is held with the palm of a hand securely, the notch in the middle of the palm is well filled with its sphere. Fingers do not interfere with each other, each one is very rationally located on the surface. The close contact of the palm with the ball - there is almost no gap between them. Lightly squeeze the ball. The contact went up. Efforts from pressing all the elements of the brush came together at one point, somewhere inside the ball.
And now imagine that the index finger does not participate in holding the ball, but presses on the descent. The descent is located somewhat in front of the sphere of the ball, and the axis of descent is 20 mm higher. The pressing force, ultimately through the axis of the descent suspension, is transmitted to the gun body. It is noteworthy how far the main retention zone is located far from the axis of descent, it is not difficult to imagine how, as a result of this, it is easy to bring down the aiming with increasing pressure on the descent.
The "pair of forces" familiar from the school bench: one end of the "pair" somewhere in the center of the main containment zone, the second - on the axis of the trigger. Pistol grips, built on this model, are very insidious in that they are comfortable to hold in your hand. But during the shooting, the "remoteness" of the main containment zone from the massive part of the pistol located relatively to the top begins to be felt. To compensate for the lack of management of this mass, the index finger is unconsciously connected. Simultaneously with the pressure on the descent, he is involved in keeping the weapon in this case. When shooting from pistols with such handles at competitions, the results are unstable and lower than training.
Cylinder diameter 45 mm, height 150 mm can be taken by hand slightly lower, slightly higher. Contact with the surface is good, but there is no fixation in height. In the center of the palm, there is a void. Imagine a pistol with a handle of a cylindrical shape, like a handle of a shovel. It can be taken as you like, but at the same time, there is a lack of support points for a monotonous grip.
Cone (truncated) with a base diameter of 60 mm, diameter of the upper section of 40 mm and a height of 150 mm. When the grip is strengthened, it is squeezed out towards the base. There is a tight contact of the palm rest with the upper part or the lower edge of the palm (depending on how the cone is gripped - down or up the base).
The cone is an advantageous form. If the generatrix part of the handle is a cone, then this helps the monotonous fixation of the pistol in the hand under all other conditions. Handle as it were "sticks" in the hand. This property of conical shape was discovered long ago and used by firearms designers. At the duelling pistols of the beginning of the XIX century, especially with the arms of Colt and Smith and Wesson, the design of the arms clearly shows the conical shape with the bottom down. In this case, the effect of the "pair of forces" between the main holding area of the handle and the axis of the descent suspension, even if there were significant pull down times, is structurally minimized. The location of the main containment zone at the top of the handle causes the gun to sit deeper into the hand. The control of the gun with this hold becomes noticeably better.
Cylinder with neck diameter of 60 mm and a height of 200 mm. We make it in the middle much already, with a diameter of 45 mm, and we centre it from the ends so that two truncated cones are obtained. The capture of such a figure with a brush will be fixed in height due to the fact that the main zone of confinement coincides with the "neck" of the cylinder. Pistol grips of this type are often found. The disadvantage is that the "neck" does not allow the arm to climb up to close contact with the upper lip of the handle.
Often, the arrows complain that the gun "falls out" of the hands. Here, the volume of pulp in the "fork" (part of the palm between the thumb and forefinger) increases with the handle, forming a "bump". This is a thickening and pushes the gun. There are other reasons. Imagine a horizontal cross-section of the handle in the area of the stop in the "fork". Most handles have in this place a shape close to the blade, with the point pointed to the stop in the "fork". Of course, even small lateral forces help to squeeze out the handle.
The semicircular generator also does not solve the retention problem. A good rectangular shape with rounded corners. And do not do it in the area of the stop is too narrow. A thickness of 25 mm is normal for an average or even a small male hand. The fact is that it is in the "fork", basically, that the action of bestowal is perceived. If it concentrates on a small area, the nervous system strains slightly more in anticipation of impact from recoil, which contributes to the formation of harmful conditioned reflexes.
To reduce the effect of recoil in the front of the shelf for the thumb, there should be no stop. It is necessary that the shelf is about 5 mm longer than the finger. The transition from the support for the tenar to the thumbboard should be soft, without an explicit angle, which could be a stab at recoil. If the handle has a notch, then on the shelves of the tenar and the thumb, only a longitudinal notch is allowed. Of course, this rule does not apply to the handles of pneumatic pistols. All that is said here about the reasons for "squeezing" the pistol out of hand, requires particularly serious attention. The central nervous system is extremely sensitive to changes in tone in any part of the body. As a result, even a slight change in the tone of the cyst can lead to disruption in the posture (preform). For all models of modern sports pistols, the center of mass is located in front of the point of support of the handle on the middle finger. Under gravity, the gun tends to "tip over" around this fulcrum. What will compensate for the "trim" formed when holding the gun?
Unfortunately, most of the pistols used in competitions have handles that are held by the hand in the desired position with the help of the so-called "fungus", which adversely affects the aiming quality.
And now pay attention to the arms of our record holders, the world's strongest pistols. They were made by masters A. Dadonov, V. Trelosky, N. Ibrahimov, A. Danilov, V. Sorokin. These handles are simple, they may not fit the other arrows in detail (size, angle), but for grip and stability the flies are unanimously rated highly, in the hand they "sit." How can you explain that they like most of the shooters? The explanation is unequivocal: these are the handles of a fundamentally correct shape. They are held by the brush in such a way that the problems listed at the beginning of the article most fully solve the problem. The vector from descent pressure passes through the main containment zone, which is in good agreement with the balance of the weapon. In this zone and near it there is that contact surface, which keeps the gun from "tipping" forward and downwards and reliably compensates for the "trim". "Fungus" plays an auxiliary role here, it only partially takes on the supporting function and basically contributes to the monotony of the grasp.
In the types of shooting, where the pull of the descent is relatively large (MP-10, MP-5 and RP-5), often the handle with a "fungus" is much smaller than the size allowed by the rules. And sometimes and completely without a "fungus", as, for example, the handle of the TOZ-49 revolver of the honored master of sports V. Turly. With this revolver V. Turla won the European Championship in 1981, the 1982 World Cup, set the USSR record - 598 points, knocked out 300 out of 300 points in a circle.
The contact area of the handle with a hand that prevents tipping is located at the upper rear of the male surface. It forms an inclined front-back platform from the "fork" between the thumb and forefinger to the base of the tenar. The lower rear part of the male surface also has a slight emphasis for the lower part of the palm and is involved in retaining the weapon. The shape of the handle in the middle section (in the region of the middle finger) is an ellipse.
It is generally believed that the middle of the staple - the line of the connector of the cheeks - should be in the middle of the second phalanx of the middle finger. The phalanx is located perpendicular to the frame of the pistol. On the left, the nail phalanx of the holding fingers is cut so that the ends of these phalanges do not have contact with the handle. Because it is noticed: sometimes fingers "earn additionally", knocking down a tip. The support pad for the middle finger should not be semicircular. It is better to make it in the form of a flat eaves, which, in conjunction with the body of the handle, have a radius of about 4 mm. The large radius of the interface and the semicircular shape of the support pad contribute to the relaxation of the brush with the slightest shift of attention. Under the action of gravity, the handle "slides" from the original position to the most advantageous for the given shape.
Zones of support on the middle finger, the regiment for the thumb and the area of the interface of the body of the handle with the "fungus" along its entire length should be designed for a spontaneously contracting and not relaxed brush. Perhaps the best method of control is to imagine a slippery hand, soapy. Will it clamp all points to the working surface, will it retain its position after the shot?
Perhaps the readers will have an idea - is not it better if instead of reasoning the author will give a drawing of a handle with dimensions? I often had to make reference samples of handles to various models of sports pistols and revolvers for our factories. Very good engineers made templates on them and very good modellers did ... bad handles. They were similar, it's true. But the arrows were unhappy with them. In order not to be mistaken in the handle, it is necessary to choose the correct form and to carry out an individual fit. A highly qualified master confirmed that two absolutely identical handles do not work.
I advise athletes when meeting at competitions with strong arrows to look for the handles of such pistols, from which high results were shown, records were set. Ask to remove the right cheek and on the piece of the target, press the outline of the connector with your finger. This is the initial document for markup. The rest can be finished or photographed and measured. Well, if you and the champion have a gun of the same model. And if not - do not despair. Find a way to make your handle the same way, taking into account the difference in size and angles.
Statistics show that the results of shooting from a pistol with a new, competently executed handle become stable after one and a half to two seasons. So, the handle for Alexander Melentyev on his match pistol was made in 1973 and since then the chisel has never touched it.
The shape of the handle for Igor Bakalov's high-speed pistol was selected in 1964. Shooter became six-time champion of the USSR. The handle looks old, but untouched. It served as a prototype for the arms of V. Torshin, V. Tokarev, A. Kuzmin, I. Puzyrev.
The champion of the competition "Friendship-84" A. Kuzmin, the author of the absolute record in high-speed shooting, for 16 years, changed only three pistols, carefully transferring the shape of the handle from one model to another. After adjustment, the handles were never cut.
Author: Anatoly Poddubny
